{"id":434,"date":"2014-12-23T11:32:37","date_gmt":"2014-12-23T16:32:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.scarboromissions.ca\/?page_id=434"},"modified":"2019-02-06T10:19:24","modified_gmt":"2019-02-06T15:19:24","slug":"magazine-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.scarboromissions.ca\/scarboro-missions-magazine\/magazine-history","title":{"rendered":"Historical overview"},"content":{"rendered":"
The following article is\u00a0a decade-by-decade look at our story as told in the pages of\u00a0Scarboro Missions\u00a0<\/i>magazine and its precursor\u00a0China<\/i>\u00a0magazine from the inaugural issue in 1919 to the 1990s. Written by Grant Maxwell, this article appeared in two instalments in the January and February 1993 issues of\u00a0Scarboro Missions magazine<\/i>\u00a0as part of the Society’s 75th anniversary celebrations.<\/span><\/p>\n By Grant Maxwell<\/strong><\/p>\n More than 800 issues of the Scarboro Foreign Mission Society’s monthly voice preceded the issue you are now reading. Since 1919 the continuing story of this made-in-Canada missionary community has been told in thousands of articles, regular features, photographs, maps and other items covering some 20,000 pages. Given these mammoth numbers, is an adequate report and analysis possible in two articles? Perhaps, if we limit ourselves to a bird’s-eye view of what China<\/em> and Scarboro Missions<\/em> reported and commented upon in one typical year of each decade. I promise to be as objective as possible in selecting typical examples of magazine content. So join me for this flying visit, first to the inaugural issue published in 1919 and then to more than 70 editions published since the middle 1920s.<\/p>\n The Inaugural Issue<\/a> Fr. John Mary Fraser, the Society’s founder and first editor of China, set a lively editorial pace for his successors. His buoyant confidence and dramatic flair are seen in the main news story published in the inaugural issue of October 1919: “China Mission College Meets With Universal Approval” the headline proclaimed. The story reported that Fr. Fraser had “traversed the length and breadth of Canada, preaching in the churches and lecturing in the seminaries, colleges and schools; and everywhere finds the people prepared and eager” to support the proposed college, which first opened in Almonte, Ontario.<\/p>\n Now it’s 1926. The Boom-to-Bust Twenties are half over. The stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression is only a few years ahead. During most of the decade W.L. Mackenzie King is Canada’s prime minister. Sun Yat-sen, founder of China’s first republic, has died. Two of his associates, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung, are rivals. George V reigns as monarch of the British Empire. Pope Pius XI occupies the Chair of St. Peter.<\/p>\n Fr. William C. McGrath is editor of China. In its seventh year the magazine has 15,000 subscribers. An annual subscription costs .50 cents.<\/p>\n Glowing reports from the Society’s first mission band to China was the predominant theme in 1926 issues. Typical headlines:<\/p>\n Regular features that year: editorials; News from Far and Near; numerous sepia-coloured photographs of people and places; Our Little Missionaries, a section for younger readers that included stories, poems, riddles, tricks, jokes and appeals to support the missions with pennies, nickels and dimes (“Have you a mite box?”); excerpts from readers’ letters but without names; Nonsense (jokes); appeals for adult donations; lists of contributions received; and advertisements, mostly by Toronto firms. Sample quotations indicated the tone of these 1926 pages:<\/p>\n The year is 1935, midway through the Threadbare Thirties. Depressed prices for land, sea and factory products, failed businesses, job layoffs and prairie drought bring severe poverty to millions of Canadians. Mackenzie King’s Liberals defeat Prime Minister R.B. Bennett’s Conservatives. The new CCF party elects its first seven MPs. In China General Chiang Kai-shek heads a Nationalist government. His main rival, Mao Tse-tung, is the Communist leader. Adolf Hitler is chancellor of a rearming Germany and Joseph Stalin is dictator of the Soviet Union. Pius XI continues as Roman pontiff.<\/p>\n Editor of China is Fr. Alphonsus Chafe. The Scarboro journal has 25,000 subscribers who pay .50 cents yearly. At Scarboro Bluffs east of Toronto, 50 students at the St. Francis Xavier China Missions Seminary prepare to join 18 Scarboro priests already ministering to about 3,000 Catholics in the district of Chuchow; Chekiang Province, not far south of Shanghai. An estimated 1,500,000 Chinese live in this 10,000 square mile prefecture, most of them in cities, towns and villages. The Canadian missionaries have seven mission stations. Scarboro headquarters are at Lishui (formerly called Chuchow) where Monsignor McGrath and six colleagues work. Also in Lishui are five Grey Sisters of the Immaculate Conception from Pembroke, Ontario. The first members of -the nursing and teaching order had arrived in 1930. Only infrequently were their experiences reported in the Scarboro monthly.<\/p>\n As in previous years, mission accounts from these Chinese outposts provided the main theme in 1935 issues. From Kinhwa, Monsignor Fraser continued to send reports of his endeavours and also photographs; often pictures of large groups of Chinese adults and chi1dren, formally posed. Other writers included Frs. Gerald Doyle, John McDonald (“who saved a Chinese girl from a pagan marriage”), Larry Beal, W .H. McNabb, Craig Strang (who described a “triumphant Corpus Christi celebration the first great public demonstration of Catholic faith in Chuchow”), Joseph Venini and William A. Amyot.<\/p>\n After a brief illness, Fr. James Duncan McGillivray, 42, was the first Scarboro missionary to die abroad. “May his death be fruitful unto the salvation of souls for whom he sacrificed his life,” China’s editor wrote in tribute. The community of Grey Sisters at the Lishui mission composed an eloquent “Appreciation” of Fr. McGil1ivray who had been their confessor.<\/p>\n Some regular magazine features in 1935 were carryovers from previous years. The Nonsense collection of jokes still commanded a full page each month. Little Flower’s Rose Garden edited by “Father Jim” invited young readers to pray for the conversion of China, asking for the intercession of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus, who had been named patroness of missions by Pius XI. Sample quotations from 1935 pages:<\/p>\n War and Peace in the Forties; 1945 is the turning point. Six years of global conflict end after claiming 50-60 million lives. The Axis powers, Germany, Italy and Japan, surrender. The allies, led by U.S. presidents Roosevelt and Truman, Britain’s Churchill and the Soviets’ Sta1in, preside over an uneasy truce, which the new United Nations is to safeguard. Mackenzie King is still Canadian prime minister. George VI is king of the now shaky British Commonwealth. Pius XII has been Pope since 1939.<\/p>\n China has 49,000 subscribers who pay $1 annually. Fr. Sharkey is editor. Monsignor John E. McRae is the first superior general of the Scarboro Society. Monsignor Fraser is back in Canada, temporarily, after his safe refuge in Manila during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Several Scarboro priests survived Japanese internment in China during the war years. Other Scarboro members and Grey Sisters also returned safely to their postings in 1944 after having evacuated missions during the Japanese invasion.<\/p>\n In 1943 the Society began mission work in the Dominican Republic, the first of many new fields of service to come in Latin America, the West Indies and Asia.<\/p>\n Some representative headlines from 1945 editions: “Calling All Catholics” (text of a radio address by Fr. John McGoey); “Chinatown, My Chinatown” (“The colourful story of Vancouver’s Chinese Catholic parish” where Fr. Charles Murphy is pastor); “Letter From Internment” (delayed account from Frs. Michael Carey, Joseph Murphy and Thomas McQuaid, since released by their Japanese captors); “Dominican Days” (in which Fr. Frank Diemert shares some Latin American mission impressions); and “God Is Charity” (“The story of the Grey Sisters of Pembroke in China,” written by an unnamed sister).<\/p>\n Besides major articles, 1945 issues carried a variety of regular features, some of them perennials from previous years. Examples: The Bulletin Board, which reported the whereabouts of Scarboro personnel; The Little Flower’s Rose Garden, including a comic-strip telling of “The Miracle at Fatima” where the Blessed Virgin was said to have appeared to three poor Portuguese children in 1917; and Monsignor McGrath’s opinion column, From the Crow’s Nest. His booklet, “Fatima, Hope of the World”, an interpretation of the prayers for peace attributed to the Blessed Virgin, was advertised extensively in 1945 editions. Samplings from these pages:<\/p>\n Now it’s 1955 in the Complacent Fifties. Many Canadians are enjoying relative prosperity after the economic depression and wartime shortages of the two previous decades. Louis St. Laurent is Canadian prime minister. Elizabeth II has been queen for three years. Mao Tse-tung’s Peoples’ Republic of China is in its sixth year.<\/p>\n By 1954 the last Scarboro priests and Grey Sisters were exiled home from their Chinese missions. In 1955 more than 100 Scarboro priests are serving in six other nations of Asia, Latin America and the West Indies. China magazine was renamed Scarboro Missions in April 1950 in recognition of this widening apostolate to other lands. Fr. Stringer is editor in 1955 and a subscription still costs $1 annually.<\/p>\n The contents of 1955 issues and those a decade earlier are similar in many respects; understandably so, given the similar hazards and reversals the Society experienced in China in the 1940s and 1950s. In both decades Scarboro editors were preoccupied with these traumatic developments and ideological dangers they feared closer at hand. A sampling of the magazine’s advocacy:<\/p>\n The year is 1965 in the Turbulent Sixties – a decade of both creative and destructive changes. In China, Mao’s Red Guards spearhead a violent ‘counter revolution’. In North America and Western Europe the ‘sexual revolution’ and ‘Beatle mania’ are two among many significant signs of changing times. In Canada, Prime Minister Mike Pearson’s minority Liberal government, with New Democratic support, introduces national Medicare. In Rome, Pope Paul VI presides at the final session of the Second Vatican Council where over 2,000 bishops are initiating a far-reaching renewal of Catholicism. Just before the Council was to open in September 1962, Scarboro’s founding father, Monsignor Fraser, had died in Osaka, Japan, 60 years after his first mission journey to the Orient.<\/p>\n Still costing only $1 a year, Scarboro Missions is edited by Harold Oxley.<\/p>\n The social upheavals of the 1960s and especially Vatican II had a lasting impact on the monthly magazine. In 1965 and succeeding years, readers witnessed an accelerating transformation in the periodical. Compared to what subscribers had read in previous years, the editorial emphasis, much of the content and eventually the overall appearance changed dramatically.<\/p>\n A January editorial, titled “Thinking Of You”, signaled the changes underway and still to come: “You unsuspecting lay folk may not know it, but we priests have been thinking a lot about you lately. We feel that you might bring some original approaches to the work we have been trying to do for years… And it’s not just coincidence that we are all thinking this way; we’ve been told to – especially by Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI.”<\/p>\n Mission experiences far beyond Canada still received priority attention. Instances: Fr. Tim Ryan described the maiden voyage of the Santa Teresena, Scarboro’s 40-foot houseboat on Brazil’s Amazon River. From Japan, Fr. Thomas O’Toole reported that Western customs had become so common they were no longer considered novelties. Fr. John Bolger described a coal miners’ retreat at Kaize, Japan. Fr. Vincent Daniel wrote about the training of lay catechists in the Brazilian jungle. Editor Oxley found time to compose several articles on Scarboro mission efforts in British Guyana.<\/p>\n In shock and sadness, Scarboro members and magazine readers learned that Fr. Arthur MacKinnon had been murdered June 22 in the Dominican Republic. ” A Martyr For Social Justice” by Fr. Paul Ouellette, Scarboro’s regional superior in that Latin American republic, introduced a detailed account of the tragedy. An excerpt: “Fr. Art truly sympathized with the aims of the revolution in the Dominican Republic – although not with the Communist elements involved in it. He recognized, as all of us do, the many social injustices, which have existed so long in the country, and he saw the urgent need to correct these abuses… Since Fr. Art was very outspoken, the police and army in Monte Plata had listed him as a ‘rebel’ and even as a Communist. (The police still do not make any distinction between ‘rebel’ and ‘Communist’, but the fact is that most rebels are not Communist.)” Issues of social justice and peace were a recurring theme in editorials that year. Examples:<\/p>\n Besides the monthly editorial, other regular features (departments) in 1965 included I Remember, one-page accounts of vivid experiences by Scarboro members; Come Follow Me, reflections by Fr. George Courtright, vocation director; short items of Mission News, and Scarboro’s Junior Missionaries, now reduced to one page.<\/p>\n It’s 1975 in the Indulgent Seventies. Washington and Moscow are the main adversaries in the Cold War’s escalating arms race. Pierre Trudeau is Canadian prime minister. Governments and citizens alike are spending freely. Paul VI calls on Catholics to observe a Holy Year by practicing reconciliation of differences and injustices.<\/p>\n Scarboro Missions begins the year with Fr. John Walsh as editor, soon to be succeeded by Fr. Gerald Curry. Writes the outgoing editor: “I wish Fr. Curry many miracles, and hope he will perform a few of his own.” When he takes the chair, Editor Curry promises readers he will aim for “a balanced diet” of magazine fare. Annual subscriptions cost $2. Subscribers number 41,000.<\/p>\n The ecumenical and interfaith outreach of the periodical in 1975 and the appearance of many guest contributors in its pages stand in sharp contrast to the nearly exclusive Catholic content of Scarboro editions in the 1940s and 1950s. Instances of the new openness:<\/p>\n As in past years, Scarboro events and reflections still predominated in the Society’s house organ. Examples:<\/p>\nThrough the Years: 1919-1999<\/h3>\n
\nThe Boom to Bust 20s<\/a>
\nThe Threadbare 30s<\/a>
\nWar and Peace<\/a>
\nThe Complacent 50s<\/a>
\nThe Turbulent 60s<\/a>
\nThe Indulgent 70s<\/a>
\nThe Uneasy 80s<\/a>
\nThe Uncertain 90s<\/a><\/p>\n
\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1919: The Inaugural Issue<\/h3>\n
\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1926: The Boom-to-Bust 20s<\/h3>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1935: The Threadbare 30s<\/h3>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1945: War and Peace<\/h3>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1955: The Complacent 50s<\/h3>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1965: The Turbulent 60s<\/h3>\n
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\n<\/a><\/p>\nThe Year 1975: The Indulgent 70s<\/h3>\n
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